The History of the Lincoln Penny

Victor David Brenner akagadzira penisheni yeUnited States Lincoln uye akaisa zvinyorwa zvake zvakakurumbira zve "VDB" pamusana pekuda mari iyi inodiwa. Yakatanga kupinda mumakwikwi muna 1909. Yakatsungirira nemhando yakafanana kubva kare, zvichiita kuti ive yakareba-yakashandise mari yemhando muhutano hweUnited States, uye ichiiisa pakati pezvinyorwa zvekare zvinowanikwa mumari yenyika. Izvozvo zvakasarudzwa paLincoln Cent zvakashanduka kutanga muna 1959, kubva kune "nzeve dzegorosi" zvakananga kuLincoln Memorial design.

Uyezve, United States Mint yakachinja kushandiswa kwesimbi yes penny kakawanda. Nyaya yeLincoln Cent izere nemashoko anofadza!

Lincoln Cents - Kusati Yatanga

Lincoln Cent ingangodaro isina kumboitika dai yakanga isiri yeMutungamiri weUnited States anoramba achiomesa ainzi Theodore Roosevelt uye kufa kusati kwaitika kwemuvezi mukuru. Roosevelt akanga ane ziso rekudhiridza uye akanzwa kuti mari yeAmerica yakanga isingabatsiri kana ichienzaniswa neyemazuva ano eEurope. Kushamwaridzana kwake nemufananidzo anozivikanwa Augustus Saint-Gaudens kusimbisa kutenda uku, uye pasina nguva Roosevelt akanga ataurira Saint-Gaudens kuti adzokerezve mari yose yeAmerica. Zvinosuruvarisa, Saint-Gaudens akafa asati apedzisa basa rake, kana tingadai takava nepeni yaSaint-Gaudens, zvichida nemusoro weRobert-crowned korona, kana kuti zvichida gondo guru rinotarirwa pamusoro pegomo.

The Lincoln Penny Broke neAmerican Taboo

Zvaifungidzirwa zvisina kufanira muAmerica kuisa mufananidzo wemunhu chaiye, kana achirarama kana afa, pane mari inopararira . Ichokwadi, iye chete "munhu" uyo akamboratidzwa kuUnited States ari kutengesa mari yakaitwa munhukadzi anozivikanwa se "Miss Liberty." Zvisinei, akaurawa Mutungamiri Abraham Lincoln akanga atova chiratidzo chairemekedzwa pakupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, uye Roosevelt paakaona muvezi wemifananidzo yendarira yeVincoln Victor David Brenner, pfungwa yekuisa mufananidzo uyu weLincoln peni reAmerica akazvarwa.

MunaMwari Tinovimba - Lincoln Cent Pashure Pokufunga?

Nzira yekugadzirwa kwe penny Lincoln yakanga yakaoma pane dzimwe nguva kwevashandi veUnited States veMintin uye mufananidzo Brenner. US Mint Chief Engraver, Charles Barber, akanga asinganzwisisiki nekushanda pamwe chete nevanyori vezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Sezvo Brenner aingova nemarapirwo chete uye haana kumbobvira aine mari yekutengeswa kwemahombekombe, zvakawanda zvakadzokororwa kune zvakagadziriswa zvaidiwa vasati vese vagutsikana nemugumisiro. Brenner aida mari yakaisvonaka, asi Bharaki aida kugadzirwa kwakasimba kwaisazoshanda mari iyo isati yasvika, asi ichiri kukwira zvakanaka kumativi ose emari.

Pakupedzisira, zvakasarudzwa kuderedza kuiswa kwechigadziro chaLincoln uye nokudaro kubvisa pane imwe nzvimbo iri pasi pemapfudzi kuti chiso chaLincoln chionekwe zvakare kune pakati penhenda. Kuchinja uku kwakaguma mune nzvimbo yakawanda yepamusoro pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwemari.

Maererano naLincoln Cent nyanzvi David W. Lange, mubhuku rake rakanaka kwazvo "The Complete Guide kuLincoln Cents," US Mint Director Frank A. Leach angave ane chirevo muna Mwari WeTrust akawedzera pane zvakagadziriswa kuti aenzanise zvakagadziriswa pane chakaipa chemari. Pakanga pasina mutemo wepamutemo panguva iyo chirevo ichi chinowanikwa pamari shoma, saka kuwedzera kwecenny yakanga yakakwana discretionary.

I Lincoln Pennies Ikupedzisira Ichabudiswa

Vanhu vose vaitarisira zvikuru kusunungurwa kwemazano matsva eLincoln. Iyi yakabuda nyaya yakanga yave yakawanda yakawanda, uye yakabatana nekumhanya kunonoka pakubudisa tenzi akafa; vanhu vaida chaizvo vakamirira penny itsva . Vanhu vose vaifanira kumirira kwenguva refu kupfuura zvaidiwa, asi, sezvo vaMint vakuru vaisada kusunungura chero ipi zvayo mitsva kunze kwekuti vagone kugutsa zvinodiwa nevanhu. Nokudaro, iyo Mint yakarova mapeji angasvika mamiriyoni makumi maviri asati apedza kubvisa mari iyo musi waAugust 2, 1909.

Pakutanga, nhau dzenyaya dzakange dzakanyanyisa. Munhu wose aida mari itsva , uye vanhu vakafara kuona vadiwa vavo Abraham Lincoln vachikudzwa nenzira yakadaro. Zvisinei, mushure mezviitiko, kunhuwa kwaive kuridza pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kwekutanga kweBrenner pamusana pemari.

The Scandal Over VDB Lincoln Cents

Munyori weChechi yeHurumende panguva iyoyo aiva murume anonzi Franklin MacVeagh. Nokuda kwechimwe chikonzero chisingaoneki mumabhuku ezvakaitika kare, akangoerekana aita kuti Brenner's initials (VDB) aonekwe pamari yemari, pasinei nekubvumirana nekugadzirwa kwepakutanga. Kunyange zvazvo pasina humwe uchapupu, kufungidzira kunoreva kuti US Mint Chief Engraver Charles Barber akashushikana kupfuurirwa nokuda kwekukudzwa kwekuita sarudzo iyi yemari. Uyezve, aishushikana kuti aifanira kushanda nevatambi vasiri kunze, uye izvi zvingave zvakamuvhiringidza kuti agadzire uye azvidzire Brenner pamusoro pekushandisa kwevatatu vake vokutanga pamari.

Maererano nedzidziso iyi, Barber akakurudzira Brenner kuti abvumire kuchengetwa kwemavambo ake mumabhuku matsvene makuru panzvimbo yakatarisa ndokubva adzoka shure kweBrenner kudzoka kuti Brenner aone sechinhu chisina maturo uye kubata nekuiswa kwemashoko. Chero zvingava chokwadi, ichokwadi chakanyatsosimbiswa kuti Bharber akanga asinganzwisisi pakurambidza Brenner kusashandisa chiratidzo chinonyanya kuchenjera, chakadai sekutanga chekutanga "B" iyo yaiva yakawanda mukuenderana nemitambo yakakodzera panguva iyoyo.

Pasinei nechikonzero chacho, Munyori MacVeagh akangoerekana asarudza kuti VDB yakakurumbira, uye yakakumbira kubviswa kwayo. Maererano neLange, Barber ingangodaro yakave yakasunungura mazamu acho kusvika pasi pepfudzi raLincoln, uko pakupedzisira vakapera. Kuisa pasi kwakangwara kwaizove kuri kuchengetedza MacVeagh zvido uye tsika inogamuchirwa. Asi Bharber akataura kuti zvakanga zvakaoma kwazvo pakuita izvi. Kutaura kwebarber kwakabvumirwa nekuwedzerwa kwezvokutanga kusvika pasi pepfudzi raLincoln muna 1918 nguva pfupi mushure mekufa kwaBarber. Panguva iyoyo, zvakadaro, zvakasarudzwa kuti mhinduro yakanakisisa uye inonyanya kukosha ndeyokubvisa VDB zvachose.

I 1909 VDB Lincoln Cent Frenzy

Engravers paMint yakabvisa VDB kubva mune mari iyo inouraya nokukurumidza nokuti vanhu vose vakanga vachishevedzera kuti vawane Lincoln pennies matsva . Iyo Mint yakasimwa purogiramu itsva yepenny kusvikira mabhenner ekutanga akabviswa.

Munyori Wehurumende Munyori Franklin MacVeagh akaita chisarudzo chinonakidza chekuti vanhu vose vapinde mune kuchinja kuswedera kune penny idzva, uye mhedzisiro inofanirwa ndeyokuti vanhu vakatanga kutora Lincoln Cents iripo. Iyi hoarding ye pennies inoenderera mberi ichiwedzera kukura kwezvinodiwa zvishoma.

Kupopota kwakatanga kupararira apo hurumende yaifunga nezvepennies neVDB Initials kumberi. Vatapi venhau vakabvunzurudza varombo Victor David Brenner sevanodada uye vasina maturo, kunyange zvazvo yaiva US Mint Chief Engraver Charles Barber uyo akasarudza kukura uye kuiswa kwezvikamu izvi!

Ikutanga Lincoln Cent Varieties Yakabudiswa

Nenguva yaAugust 12, 1909, vanyori veMint vakagadzira sarudzo itsva yekushanda mari pasina VDB pavari. Nyaya itsva yemapeni yakatevera munguva pfupi, ichigadzira chekutanga chekutanga ichange yakasiyana-siyana yeLincoln Cent series. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti pane zvitanhatu zvakasiyana siyana zveAmerican pennies yakabudiswa muna 1909:

• Indian Head Cent - 1909 (mamiriyoni 14.4 mamiriyoni)
• Indian Head Cent - 1909-S (mhete: 309 000)
• Lincoln Wheat Cent - 1909 VDB (mamiriyoni: mamiriyoni 28)
• Lincoln Wheat Cent - 1909-S VDB (mhete: 484 mamiriyoni)
• Lincoln Bhinzi Cent - 1909 (mhete: mamiriyoni 73)
• Lincoln Bhinzi Cent - 1909-S (mamiriyoni: 1.8 mamiriyoni)

Kunyange zvazvo kune zvimwe zvinyorwa zvishoma pakati pemakore akasiyana-siyana 1909 Lincoln pennies, iVDB ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa.

Muna 1918, vanyori veMint vakadzorera vDB kutanga kune mari, iyo inoramba iripo nhasi. Izvo zviri pasi pegwenzi reLincoln, mune zvinyorwa zviduku zvishoma pane chikamu chechigunha chinotsika pasi pedyo nechepasi.

Nguva yeHondo Lincoln Cents

Chiitiko chikuru chinotevera muzana reLincoln Cent ndiro kuchinja kwemari yakagadzirwa muna 1942 na1943. US aive achirwa muHondo Yenyika II yepamusoro, achitarisana nevavengi pamativi maviri makuru (Japan neEurope) uye hurumende yakaona kuti inoda iyo yose mhangura uye tini inogona kuwana mavoko ayo kuti iite minda yehondo. Muna 1942, Mintraundi yeUnited States yakatora zvose kunze kwetini yakabuda kunze kwemazana zana, iyo yakashandura shandarira kubva pendarira kuenda kune ndarira. Nokuti iyo Mint yakanga ine ruzivo rwakanga rwuripo (bharoni) rwekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa, vakagadzira Lincoln pennies kubva muna 1942 kubva kumashizha maviri.

Lincoln Cents Hapana Aida

Pakazosvika 1942, mamiriro acho akanga aita zvakanyanya zvokuti zvakasarudzwa kubvisa mhangura yose kubva kuLincoln Cents kutanga muna 1943. Pashure pekuedza kwakakurumidza, US Mint yakasarudza kuita pennies kubva kune rimwe shanduro yakagadzirwa nesimbi yakavharwa neine denga rezinon. Kushanduka uku kwakaguma nepeni yakaisvonaka yesirivha iyo yaisanganiswa nyore nyore nedime apo itsva, uye iyo yakashanduka chikafu chinoputika kana chiduku chinopfekedzwa chaZinc chikapera. Uyezve, penni dzakanga dzisingabatsiri mune mishonga yakawanda yevending nokuti teknolojia yekupandukira yekanguva yakaona magnetic steel pennies se slugs!

Iyo mapeni emidziyo yakanga isingazivikanwi zvikuru, uye muna 1944 Mint yakamanikidzwa kudzoka kugadzira ndarira-alloy pennies, hondo yehondo kana kwete. Hurumende yakaramba kuti ichayeuka masentimita esimbi achitarisira kudzivirira kushayikwa kwepenisi uye kubhadhara. Mushure mokunge hondo, Dhipatimendi reMariki yakanyarara yakarongedza mabhenji kuti abvise masentimita esimbi kubva pakuparadzirwa pose pavakasangana navo. Kune nhoroondo dzakasiyana-siyana pamusoro pekupedzisira kwehutano hwemamiriyoni makumi matanhatu nematanhatu akawanikwa esimbi. Imwe nyaya yakave nehurumende ichidzikisa yose muPacific Ocean, asi nhoroondo dzakavimbika dzakawanda dzokuti dzakanyungudutswa pasi painest of the Mint.

Lincoln Pennies Made Kuchengetwa Bullets

Imwe yenhau dzakawanda dzinogara dziripo pamusoro peLincoln Cent ndeyokuti mapeneni emashure ose akange agadziriswa ose akaitwa kubva kune zvimedu zvakanyunguduka, zvombo zvehondo nemamwe emhangura-based military findings. Kunyange zvazvo ichokwadi kuti mauto eUnited States akagadzirisa mitemo yekuwanazve mari yakashandiswa mari yekuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza mamwe mhangura nemataini, zvikonzero zvingangodaro zvaive zvine chokuita nekuchengetedza kwakakwana kwezvinhu zvakasara zvemidziyo kupfuura kunetseka pamusoro pezvakaita mapeni. Kunyange zvakadaro, vamwe vakashandisa shell casings pakupedzisira vakazoita nzira yavo kuenda kuMint, iyo yakaita kuti bhandi ribatanidze lendarira rakashandiswa kuLincoln Cents muna 1944 kusvika muna 1946. Muna 1947, Lincoln Cent akirini yakadzokera kuumbwa kwebhurueri yakashandiswa hondo isati yasvika.

The Famous 1955 Doubled Die Lincoln Cents

Hapana nhoroondo yeLincoln Cent yaizova yakakwana isina kutaurwa nezvekuzivikanwa muna 1955 Doubled Die Penny . Izvi zvinoshamisa kukanganisa mutsara kwaiva mugumisiro wemari yakafa kufa kuwana maitiro maviri akasiyana akaiswa mukati maro. Chigumisiro chakanga chiri chokuti Mthe Minttint yakafungidzirwa mari 20,000 kusvika ku 24,000 nemari yakanyanyisa kuwirirana. Chinhu chinoshamisa kupfuura zvose chakakomberedzwa nekuwanikwa kwema1955 kufa pennies ndeyekuti US Mint Mint yakawana kukanganisa mari isati yapera, asi yakasarudza kuvabvisa kunze, vachitarisira kuti hapana munhu aizoona!

Muna 1955 Doubled Die Lincoln Cent yakanga iri kutendeuka kuU.S. numismatics . Pamusana pekuparidzirwa kwepamusoro kukanganisa kwakagamuchirwa, vanhu vakawanda kupfuura vakamboita kutora mari yekuunganidza mari, uye chido chekutsvaga mhando dzemhando dzakapinda mukati memazuva ose.

Lincoln Cent Inowana Idzva Revers

Sezvo gore remakumi mashanu reLincoln Cent rauya rakafanana ne sesquicentennial yekuzvarwa kwaLincoln, US Mint yakaisa mukudzvinyirirwa kwakakurumbira uye yakagadzira chitsva chekuchinja. Muna 1959, Frank Gasparro akatsiva "Lincoln Boro Ears" achidzoka neshanduro yeLincoln Memorial. Chikonzero chikuru chekushanduka uku ndechekuti vanhu vakanga vava kuneta zvishoma neGorosi Kudzorera sezvo raizosvika makore makumi mashanu. Zvirevo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaiswa mberi kune imwe nzira yakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira mufananidzo we log log umo Lincoln akaberekerwa. Pakuguma, chivako chinoshamisa cheLincoln Memorial chakasarudzwa, pamwe chete nekusunungurwa kwakaitwa makore 150 ekuberekwa kwaLincoln: February 12, 1959.

Sezvakangoitika kune inenge yose yegore rokutanga yemari yemhando yemhando, vanhu vakavaponesa mumatunhu ematunhu akawanda, vachiita kuti 1959 Chirangaridzo cheLincoln chive nyore kuwana-chekuwana mari yakakwirira. Kazhinji, gore rechipiri mari yemutauro mutsva haatauri nevose asi nzvimbo inounganidza, asi izvi hazvina kudaro ne 1960 Lincoln Memorial Cents.

The Lincoln Memorial 1960 Mazuva Makuru Nemadiki Cents

Kunyange zvazvo 1960 Yakakura Zuva uye Zuva Rakasiyana-siyana harina nzvimbo pedyo nemasikirini ayo 1955 Doubled Die penny, vanhu vose vakaona kuchinja kwehukuru hwezuva racho. Iko kuchinja kwakaitika pakutanga kwekugadzirwa kwema60 cents. Sezviri pachena, iyo Mint yaive nechinetso nemadijita ezuva rinopera pamari yakafa. Dambudziko iri raive rakaoma zvikuru pane nhamba "0" uye zuva, saka Mint yakaita tenzi mutsva anofa pakati pemakore. Iyo yekupedzisira nguva yeAmerican Mint inofungidzirwa kuti yakashandura midziyo midziyo mukati megore gore reLincoln Cent rakadzoka muna 1909 pavakabvisa VDB kubva kumashure.

IAmerican Mint Inotora Mari Inotora Vatengesi

Pamusana pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvemari, kukanganisa kwemari kwakakura kwakauya muU.S. pakutanga kwema1960, uye muna 1963 hurumende yaibata pamatafura achiedza kugadzirisa dambudziko racho. Chimwe chezvigadziriswa zveMint ndechokubvisa zvigadziriswa zvidhinha kubva kune mari, mutariro kuti mari yevatengesi haigoni kuchengetedza sevakawanda vavo kana paiva nemhando shomanana yekuchengeta. Imwe pfungwa yokuti Dhipatimendi reMariki yaive neyokuisa mari mazuva ose pamari dzose, zvakadai kuti 1964 dated pennies inoratidzirwa kuti yakaroverwa kare muna 1966. US Mint Mint yaishanda yakatarisana neawa, ichivhara mari mari yakazara, asi iyo vakatora kusvika muna 1968 kubhadhara mari yakawedzera, uye ipapo Mint yakadzorera mint manotsi kumari yose yeUnited States.

Rufu rweCopper Penny

IUnited States Mint yakaramba ichirova penhamba yeLincoln Memorial mune imwe nhengo yakagadzirwa nemapuranga 95% kusvika muna 1982. Mutengo wemhangura yakasvibirira wakanga wakwira zvakanyanya zvokuti waida mari yakawanda kuti aite peneni imwe kupfuura iyo penny yaikodzera. Chimwe chinhu chaifanira kuchinjwa kubva panguva iyo Mint yakanga isisiri kuita purofiti.

Mhinduro yaive yekuchinja Lincoln Memorial Cent alloy kusvika ku 97.5% zinc, uye yakagadzirwa nemhangura yakachena inosanganisira 2.5% yealloy yakazara. Tariro ndeyokuti pennies aizoramba akatarisa zvakafanana, asi hurumende haina kurasikirwa nemashizha ayo achiaita. Kunyangwe paiva nemamwe matambudziko kare kare, nemari yesimbi inokurumidza kukurumidza uye kuputika kuri kuva streaky kana kubhurbled, zvakakwana zinc-alloy cents ave ave kubudirira kukuru.

1982 Iine Huru 7 Dzakasiyana-siyana dzeLincoln Cents

1982 inonzi "shanduko" gore nekuti Mint yaive ichichinja kubva kune imwe yerudzi yakakura kune imwe. Pasi pemamiriro ehutano, taifanira kunge takasiyana nemarudzi e192 Lincoln Cent: imwe kubva kune imwe neimwe inoshandiswa Mint mumhangura, uye imwe kubva kune imwe yega Mint in zinc. Zvisinei, iyo Mint yakaitawo tenzi asingatauri kufa kufa muna 1982, zvichiita chimwe chezvinzi "Zuva Guru neChidiki Chine" marudzi akasiyana-siyana. Apo zvose zvaitaura uye zvakaitwa, idzi dzaive dzichinomwe dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana-siyana muna 1982 Lincoln Cents:

• 1982 Copper Large Date
• 1982 Copper Small Date
• 1982-D Copper Mazuva Makuru
• 1982 Zinc Zuva Guru
• 1982 Zinc Small Date
• 1982-D Zinc Zuva Guru
• 1982-D Zinc Small Date
• 1982-S Chiratidzo cheCopper Cent

Yakarongedzwa na: James Bucki