Nhoroondo Pfupfupi yeMapikicha neKamera

Upfumi wakauya nenzira yakareba mumusana pfupi. Mumakore anenge mazana maviri, kamera yakagadzirwa kubva pabhodhi bhokisi iyo yakatora mifananidzo yakajeka kumakombikiti makuru e-mini tinoshandisa muDLRLRs uye mafoni emazuva ano nhasi .

Nhau yekufotora inofadza uye inogona kuitika zvakadzama. Zvisinei, ngatitorei kwenguva pfupi pamusoro pezvinhu zvakakosha uye kuitika kukuru kwechimiro chezvesayenzi.

The First Cameras

Nheyo huru yekufungidzira yakave yakapoteredza kubvira munenge muzana remakore rezana remashanu BCE Izvo zvakanga zvisati zvasvika kusvikira musayendisiti weIraq akagadzira chimwe chinhu chinonzi kamera obscura muzana remakore rechi11 kuti unyanzvi hwakaberekwa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, iyo kamera haina kunyora zvidhori, yakangovajekesa kune imwe nzvimbo. Mifananidzo yacho yakanga yakafukidzirwa kunyange zvazvo yaigona kutevera kuti iite mifananidzo yakajeka yezvinhu chaiyo sezvivakwa.

Yekutanga kamera yakavharidzirwa yakashandisa pinhole mutende kuti igadzire chifananidzo kubva kunze kwetende kunzvimbo yakasviba. Yakanga isati yavapo kusvika muzana remakore rechi17 iyo kamera yakavhara kamera yakava duku zvakakwana kuti ishandiswe. Pfungwa huru dzekutarisa chiedza dzakatangwawo munguva ino.

Mifananidzo Yokutanga Yakasingaperi

Mifananidzo, sezvatinoziva nhasi, yakatanga kuma1930 ekupedzisira muFrance. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce akashandisa kamera yakavharidzirwa yakavhara kuti afukidze hosha yepewter yakaputirwa nebhitumini.

Uyu ndiwo mufananidzo wokutanga wakanyorwa usina kupera nokukurumidza.

Kubudirira kwaNiépce kwakatungamirira kune dzimwe dzakawanda zvekuedza uye kupikisa kwakafambira mberi nokukurumidza. Daguerreotypes, emulsion plates, uye mahwendefa akaumbwa akashandiswa pamwe chete pakati pekupedzisira-1800s.

Munhengo imwe neimwe ye emulsion, vatori vemifananidzo vanoedza nemakemikari akasiyana uye maitiro.

Izvi zvinotevera zvitatu zvakabatanidzwa pakugadzirwa kwemazuva ano.

Daguerreotype

Kuedza kwaNiépce kwakakonzera kubatana naLouis Daguerre. Chigumisiro chacho chaiva kusikwa kwe daguerreotype, mutungamiri wefirimu yemazuva ano.

• Mucheka wemhangura wakanga wakaputirwa nesirivha uye wakaputirwa nehuyodhini yemhepo isati yambosvika kune chiedza.
• Kugadzira mufananidzo pahote, yekare daguerreotypes yaifanira kuonekwa pachena kusvikira maminetsi gumi nemashanu.
• Daguerreotype yakanga yakakurumbira zvikuru kusvikira yakashandurwa pakupera kwema1850 ne emulsion mahwendefa.

Emulsion Plates

Emulsion plates, kana kuti mahwendefa emvura, akanga asina mari kudarika daguerreotype uye akatora maawa maviri kana matatu chete ekutsvaga nguva. Izvi zvakaita kuti zvive zvakakodzerwa zvakanyanya kufanera mifananidzo, iyo ndiyo yaive yakajairika mifananidzo panguva iyoyo. Mifananidzo yakawanda kubva muHondo Yenyika yakagadzirwa pamvura yakadzika.

Aya mahwendefa akasviba akashandisa nzira yekumulusiti inonzi Collodion, kwete pane kupfeka kushandiswa patafura yechitema. Yaiva panguva iyi iyo mabhanhire akawedzerwa kumamera ekubatsira nekutarisa.

Maviri maviri akafanana emulsion mahwendefa aiva ambrotype uye tintype. Ambrotypes akashandisa ndiro yegirazi pane nzvimbo yemhangura yemhangura ye daguerreotypes.

Tintypes akashandisa ndiro yeti. Kunyange zvazvo mahwendefa aya ainyanya kufunga nezvechiedza, aifanira kukurumidza kukurumidza. Vafaki vemifananidzo vaifanira kuva nemakemikari aripo uye vazhinji vaifamba mungoro dzakapetwa semuchina wakafa.

Dry Plates

Mumakore ekuma1870, kutora mifananidzo kwakatora rimwezve guru. Richard Maddox akavandudzwa pane zvakagadzirwa kare kuti aite mahwendefa akaoma egelatine ayo akanga akaenzana akaenzana nemafuta emvura muchifambiso uye muhutano.

Aya mahwendefa akaomeswa anogona kuchengetwa pane kugadzirwa sezvinodiwa. Izvi zvakabvumira vateereri vakawanda rusununguko mukutora mifananidzo. Makamera aivewo akakwanisa kuva maduku uye anogona kunge akabata ruoko. Sezvo nguva yekutsvaga yakaderera, yekutanga kamera ine mechanical shutter yakagadzirwa.

Makamera kune Munhu wese

Kupikisa kwaingova kwevashandi chete uye vapfumi kusvikira George Eastman akatanga kambani inonzi Kodak muma1880s.

Eastman yakagadzira firimu yakawandisa yemafuta iyo yakanga isingadi kuchinja nguva dzose kweplate zvakasimba. Izvi zvakamubvumira kuti aite bhokisi rakadzivirira rine bhokisi rakachengetedza mafirimu zana. Iyo kamera yakanga ine lens duku duku isina kunyanya kugadzirisa.

Mutengi aigona kutora mifananidzo uye kutumira kamera kudzokera kufekitari kuitira kuti firimu igosimbiswa uye inogadziriswa yakaitwa, yakafanana nemakamera anochengetedzwa mazuva ano. Iyi ndiyo yekutanga kamera isingadhuri zvakakwana kuti munhu wepamusoro awane mari.

Iyi firimu yakanga ichiri huru mukuenzanisa nemafidhi 35mm nhasi. Zvakatora kusvika kuma1940 ekupedzisira kwemafirimu 35mm kuti ave akadhura zvakakwana kuti vanhu vakawanda vawane.

The Horrors of War

Munenge muna 1930, Henri-Cartier Bresson nevamwe vatori vemifananidzo vakatanga kushandisa makamera mashoma 35mm kutora mifananidzo yehupenyu sezvakaitwa pane kuti iite portrait. Apo Hondo Yenyika II yakatanga muna 1939, vazhinji vemafirigi vakagamuchira nzira iyi.

Mifananidzo yakakurumbira yevarwi veHondo Yenyika I yakashandura mifananidzo yakajeka yehondo uye yakatevera. Mifananidzo yakadai somufananidzo waJoel Rosenthal, Kusimudza Chirapa paIma Jima yakaunza chokwadi chehondo mumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye yakabatsira galvanize vanhu veAmerica sevasati vamboita. Iyi maitiro ekutora nguva yakagadziriswa yakaita kuti chiso chekutora zvivepo nokusingaperi.

The Wonder of Instant Images

Panguva imwechete iyo makamera 35mm akanga achizivikanwa, Polaroid yakatumira Moderi 95. Muenzaniso 95 wakashandisa nzira yemakemikari yakavanzika yekuita firimu mukati mekhamera mumaminitsi mashoma.

Iyi ikamera itsva yakange yakadhura asi iyo yakaisvonaka yemifananidzo yakabva yatora vanhu. Pakati pema1960, Polaroid aiva nemhando dzakawanda pamusika uye mutengo wakanga wawira kuitira kuti vanhu vakawanda vawane mari yacho.

Muna 2008, Polaroid akarega kuita firimu yavo yakakurumbira pakarepo ndokutora zvakavanzika navo. Mapoka akawanda akadai seThe Impossible Project uye Lomography akaedza kumutsidzira firimu pakarepo nekubudirira zvishoma.

Kubva muna 2016, zvinoramba zvakakosha kudzokorora unhu hwakanga huri Polaroid.

Kutungamirirwa Kwekutsvaga Mufananidzo

Kunyange zvazvo chiFrench chakatora chimiro chechigarire, maJapan akaunza nyore kutora mifananidzo kumunyori wemifananidzo.

Muma1950, Asahi (uyo akazova Pentax) akaudza Asahiflex naNikon vaudza Nikon F kamera. Idzi dzose dzaiva SLR-type makamera uye Nikon F yakabvumirwa kuti igoverwe lenzi nezvimwe zvinhu.

Kwemakore makumi matatu anotevera, SLR-style makamera yakaramba ikamera yekusarudza uye kuvandudzwa kwakawanda kwakaiswa kune zvose makamera uye iyo firimu pachayo.

Kujekesa Smart Cameras

Mukupera kwema1970 uye kutanga kwema1980, compact kamera dzaikwanisa kuita zvirongwa zvekugadzirisa zviratidzo ivo pachavo dzakatangwa. Aya "pfungwa uye kupfura" makamera akacherechedza kushamira nokukurumidza, kuvhara , uye kuisa pfungwa, achisiya vatori vese vakasununguka kuisa pfungwa pahutano.

Iyi makamera yakave yakakurumbira zvikuru nevaya vaishamisira mifananidzo. Vashandi uye vanyengeri vakaramba vachida kuzvigadzirisa pachavo uye vakanakidzwa nekugadzirwa kwemufananidzo we SLR kamera.

The Digital Age

Muma1980 ne1990, vakawanda vakagadziri vakashanda pamakamera akachengetwa mifananidzo pamagetsi. Yokutanga yeiyi yaiva nheyo-uye-kupfura makamera akashandisa media media panzvimbo pefirimu.

Pakazosvika 1991, Kodak akange abudisa ikamera yekutanga yekamera yakange yakafambiswa zvakakwana kuti ishandiswe kubudirira nevanyanzvi. Vamwe vakugadziri vakakurumidza kutevera uye nhasi Canon, Nikon, Pentax, nevamwe vanogadzira zvinopa digital SLR (DSLR) makamera.

Kunyange iyo inonyanya kukosha-uye-kupfura kamera ikozvino inotora mifananidzo yakakwirira kudarika ndiro yaNépce's pewter, uye mafoni anokwanisa kunyange kubvisa mifananidzo yakakwirira yakadhindwa.