The First Photographer
Pakaonekwa nemubvunzo pamusoro pekuti ndiyani uyo chaizvoizvo akatora mufananidzo wekutanga, pane kupokana kwakanyanya nhasi kuti akanga ari Joseph Nicephor Niépce.
Makore Ekutanga
Niépce akaberekerwa muFrance musi waMarch 7, 1765. Aive mumwe wevana vatatu vane baba vaiva varairi vepfuma. Mhuri yakamanikidzwa kutiza iyo nzvimbo apo kuchinja kweFrance kwakatanga. Niépce akatumidzwa zita rokuti Joseph, asi paaidzidza kuOratorian College muAngers, akasarudza kutora zita rokuti Nicéphore mukuremekedza Saint Saint-Nicophorus mufundisi wepfumbamwe wezana remakore rechipfumbamwe reConstantinople.
Zvidzidzo zvake zvakamudzidzisa nzira dzekuedza mune sayenzi uye akapedza kudzidza kuva purofesa pajiji.
Niépce akashanda semushandi wehurumende yeFrance pasi peNapoleon. Mumakore ake ari mubasa, nguva yakawanda yenguva yake yaipedza muItaly uye pachitsuwa cheSardinia. Akasiya basa rake nekuda kwekurwara. Mushure mekusiya basa akaroora Agnes Romero ndokuva Mutungamiri wesangano reNice. Akasiya chigaro ichi kuti arambe achitsvakurudza zvesayenzi nemukoma wake mukuru Claude kumhuri dzavo dzimba mu Chalon. Akabatanidzwazve kumba kwemhuri naamai vake, hanzvadzi nehanzvadzi Bernard. Haana kungovhima tsvakurudzo yake yesayenzi, asi akakwanisawo kutora mhuri. Hama dzaishanda sevapfumi vepfuma-varimi, vachirera bheet uye vachibudisa shuga.
The First Photographs
Niépce inotendwa kuti yakatora firimu yekutanga yokutanga mifananidzo muna 1822.
Kushandisa kamera obscura, bhokisi rine gomba kune rumwe rutivi runoshandisa chiedza kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekunze, yakatora mifananidzo yaPapa Pius VII. Ichi chifananidzo chakazoparadzwa nemasayendisiti paakaedza kuidzorera. Zviviri zvekuedza kwake zvisinei zvakadaro. Mumwe akanga ari murume uye bhiza rake, uye mumwe mukadzi akagara pachitsiko chinoputika.
Chinetso chikuru chaNiépce chakanga chiri chivimbo chisina kusimba uye chimiro chisina simba, chakamuita kuti aedze kuwana nzira yekubata zvifananidzo zvachose pasina kuvimba nehutano hwake husina kunaka. Niépce akaedza kushandisa kushandiswa kwechirori chloride, iyo yakasvibiswa apo yakaiswa pachena, asi yakawana yakanga isina kukwana kuti ibudise migumisiro yaaida. Akabva aenderera mberi ku bitumen, izvo zvakamutungamirira kumuedzo wake wokutanga kubudirira pakuwana chimiro chechisikigo. Basa rake raisanganisira kubvisa bitumeni muawavender mafuta, iyo inogadziriswa inowanzoshandiswa muvhinish. Akabva avhara pepa repewter nechisanganiswa ichi ndokuisa mukati memukativha. Maawa masere gare gare akaibvisa ndokuishambidza nemafuta e-lavender kuti abvise chero bhitumini isina kubviswa.
Mifananidzo yacho pachayo yakanga isingakanganwiki sezvaive chivako, gorosi, uye muti. Zvaitendwa kuva chivanze kunze kweimba yake. Zvisinei, kubvira apo chirongwa chacho chakanga chine nguva shoma, kutora maawa masere, zuva rakabva kune rumwe rutivi rwechifananidzo kune rimwe richiita kuti riite sokunge kuti zuva rakanga richibva kumativi maviri emufananidzo. Izvi zvaizozofuridzira hupenyu hweLouis Daguerre hunobudirira zvikuru hunobudirira.
Zvakanga zvamutora makore anopfuura makumi maviri achiedza nemifananidzo ye optical asati awana kubudirira.
Dambudziko rekare rakanga rave kuti kunyange zvazvo akakwanisa kuisa mifananidzo yakajeka, vaizopera nokukurumidza. Mufananidzo wokutanga uripo kubva kuNiépce unobva muna 1825. Akatumidza nzira yake itsva yeHeliograph, mushure mezwi rechiGiriki rokuti "yezuva."
Pane imwe nguva Niépce akawana kubudirira kwaaida kuti afunge kuenda kuEngland kuzotanga kukurudzira hutsva hwake kuRoyal Society. Zvinosuruvarisa, akabatwa nekukundikana zvachose. Sosaiti ine murairo unotaura kuti haikwanisi kukurudzira chero kuwanikwa nechakavanzika chisingatauri. Zvechokwadi, Niépce akanga asina kugadzirira kugovana zvakavanzika zvake nenyika, saka akadzokera kuFrance akanetseka kuti akange asingakwanisi kuita kubudirira kwezvakaitwa zvitsva.
MuFrance, Niépce akagadzira kubatana naLouis Daguerre. Muna 1829 ivo vakatanga kushamwaridzana nekuvandudza nzira. Vakashamwaridzana kwemakore mana akatevera kusvika kufa kwaNiépce kubva kune chirwere mu1833 pazera remakore 69.
Daguerre akaenderera mberi achishanda mushure mekufa kwaNiépce pakupedzisira nekugadzira nzira iyo, kunyange zvazvo yakavakirwa pamatambudziko avo okutanga, yakanga yakasiyana zvikuru neaya aive ainge aita Niépce. Akaitumidza iyo Daguerreotype, mushure meyo. Akakwanisa kuwana hurumende yeFrance kuti atenge zvaakagadzirira nokuda kwevanhu veFrance. Muna 1939 hurumende yeFrance yakabhadhara kubhadhara Daguerre gore rimwe nerimwe maFrancs 6 000 kweupenyu hwake hwose, uye kubhadhara dzimba yeNééce 4,000 Francs gore negore. Mwanakomana waNiépce akanga asina kufara neurongwa uhwu, achiti Daguerre akanga achiwana rubatsiro pane zvakaitwa nababa vake. Niépce chaizvoizvo akagamuchira chikwereti chiduku chechipi nechipi chekuita nezvisikwa izvi kusvikira muna 1952 apo vanyori vezvakaitika kare Alison naHelut Gernsheim vakawana zvakare mifananidzo yaNiépce yepakutanga. Ndizvo zvakawanikwa izvo zvakabvumira nyika kudzidza pamusoro peNiépce's "heliographic" nekugadzirisa uye kubvumira nyika kuti ione kuti iyi ndiyo yaiva muenzaniso wekutanga weiyo watinoshevedza ikozvino kufema: chifananidzo chakagadzirwa pane chiedza chine chiedza, nekuita kwe chiedza.
Kunyange zvazvo Niépce inonyanya kuzivikanwa nokuda kwekugadzirwa kwake mumifananidzo, akavewo nehuwandu hwepakutanga hwakabudirira semuumbi. Pakati peimwe nzira yaNiépce yakagadzirwa ndiPyreolophore, injini yekutanga inopisa inopisa, iyo yaakabata uye yakagadzira nehanzvadzi yake Claude. Emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte, akapa kodzero yake muna 1807 mushure mekunge aratidzirwa kukwanisa kwayo kugonesa chikepe chinokwira murwizi muFrance.
Nhaka Yake
Mukuremekedza uyu mufananidzo, The Niépce Prize Niépce yakasikwa uye yakapiwa gore negore kubvira muna 1955 kune muongorori wemufananidzo uyo akararama uye akashanda muFrance kwemakore anopfuura matatu. Yakatumirwa mukukudza kwaNeèpce naAlbert Plécy weChristian Gens d'Images.
Resources
Nhoroondo yeJoseph Nicephore:
http://www.madehow.com/inventorbios/69/Joseph-Nic-phore-Niepce.html
BBC News: Mufananidzo Wakafu-kare Kupfuura Yose Wakatengeswa
BBC News Thursday, 21 March 2002, Mufananidzo wakare-kare wepasi rese wakatengeswa kuraibhurari
The History of Photography
http://www.all-art.org/history658_photography13.html